According to the authors, criminality is believed to be caused by which of the following?

Criminality is understood to be influenced by a combination of genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and social influences. This multifaceted approach acknowledges that no single element can solely explain criminal behavior.

Genetic predisposition suggests that individuals may inherit certain traits that predispose them to engage in criminal behavior. For example, some research indicates that genetic factors might contribute to aggressive or impulsive behaviors often associated with criminality.

Environmental factors encompass the various conditions and circumstances that surround an individual, such as socioeconomic status, the presence of crime in the community, family dynamics, and exposure to violence. These elements can significantly impact a person's choices and opportunities, influencing their likelihood of engaging in criminal activities.

Social influences refer to the impact of social relationships, cultural norms, and peer pressure on individual behavior. The environment a person grows up in and the people they interact with can shape their beliefs and actions, potentially leading them toward or away from crime.

Collectively, these aspects illustrate the complexity of criminal behavior, reinforcing the idea that criminality emerges from a dynamic interplay of biological, environmental, and social factors. This holistic perspective is vital for understanding crime and developing effective prevention and intervention strategies.