Who developed the concept of the panopticon?

The concept of the panopticon was developed by Jeremy Bentham in the late 18th century. Bentham designed the panopticon as a type of institutional building, particularly for prisons, where a central observation tower would allow a single guard to observe all inmates without them being able to tell whether they were being watched. This architectural design aimed to ensure obedience and self-regulation among the prisoners, as they would internalize the watchfulness and modify their behavior accordingly.

Bentham's ideas about the panopticon extend beyond architectural context; they also delve into sociopolitical theory regarding surveillance, power, and control. The construct reflects his utilitarian philosophy, focusing on the greatest good for the greatest number, by suggesting that effective monitoring would lead to better societal outcomes through behavioral modification.

While other figures listed may have discussed themes related to power, authority, or surveillance, it was Bentham who explicitly proposed the panopticon as a physical representation of these concepts in practice.